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昼夜节律

Circadian Function and The***utic Potential of Melatonin in Humanr />

Circadian Gene Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Genes and the Sleep-Wake Cycle

Circadian Metabolic Rhythms Regulated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Organization

Circadian Organization in Non-Mammalian Vertebrater />

Circadian Oscillati*** in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Regulation by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleur />

Circadian Regulation in Invertebrater />

Circadian Rhythm Modelr />

Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance

Circadian Rhythms: Influence of Light in Humanr />

Circadian Systems: Evolution

Clock Gene Regulation of Endocrine Function

Clock Genes and Metabolic Regulation

Entrainment of Circadian Rhythmy Light

Geic Regulation of Circadian Rhythms in Drosophila

Geics of Circadian Disorders in Humanr />

Mammalian Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Flier />

Melatonin Regulation of Circadian Rhythmicity in Vertebrater />

Non-P***oreceptor P***oreception

Peripheral Circadian Oscillatorr />

P***oreceptors and Circadian Clockr />

Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Disturbed Sleep and Circadian Rhythmr />

Serotonin and the Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Rhythmr />

Shift Work and Circadian Rhythmr />

Single Cell Neuronal Circadian Clockr />

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Human Aging and Dementia

Sleep and W in Drosophila

Sleep: Development and Circadian Control

Transcription Control and the Circadian Clock

季节节律

P***operiodic Regulation of Reproductive Cycler />

Seasonal Changes in Night-Length and Impact on Human Sleep

Seasonal Hormonal Changes and Behavior

Seasonal Timing: Neural Mechanismr />

睡眠、做梦与清醒

Autonomic Dysregulati0n During REM Sleep

Cataplexy

Coma

Dopamine Control of Arousal

Dream Function

Dreams and Dreaming: Incorporation of W Eventr />

Dreams and Nightmares in PTSD

Dreams, Dreaming Theories and Correlates of Nightmarer />

Endocrine Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Hibernation

Immune Function During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep

Napping

Narcolepr />

Nightmarer />

Parasomniar />

Pharmacology of Sleep: Adenosine

Reticular Activating System

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Human Aging and Dementia

Sleep and Sleep States: Gene Expression

Sleep and Sleep States: Hippocampus-Neocortex Dialog

Sleep and Sleep States: Histamine Role

Sleep and Sleep States: Hypothalamic Regulation

Sleep and Sleep States: Network Reactivation

Sleep and Sleep States: PET Activation Patternr />

Sleep and Sleep States: Phylogeny and Ontogeny

Sleep and Sleep States: Thalamic Regulation

Sleep Apnea

Sleep Architecture

Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function

sleep Deprivation: Neurobehavioral Changer />

Sleep in Adolescentr />

Sleep in Aging

Sleep Mentation in REM and NREM: A Neurocognitive Perspective

Sleep Oscillationr />

Sleep Oscillati*** and PGO Waver />

Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine in Historical Perspective

Sleep-Dependent Memory Processing

Sleeping Sickner />

Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Acetylcholine

Sleep-Wake State Regulation by Noradrenaline and Serotonin

Stimulant and Wake-Promoting Substancer />

The AIM Model of Dreaming, Sleeping, and W C***ciousner />

Thermoregulation during Sleep and Sleep Deprivation

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;;;;The alternation of light and dark is the most reliable timing cue on our pla, and therefore it is not surprising that the retina has evolved a precise timing mechanism that allows it to anticipate and then to adapt to the more than 1 million-fold change in light intensity during a 24 h period. The retina was the first extra-S oscillator to be discovered in mammals. Several studies have now ***d that many of the physiological, cellular, and molecular rhythms that are present within the retina are under the control of a circadian clock, or more likely a series of circadian clocks that are present within this tissue （Figure 1）. For example, the disk shing that occurs in the rod p***oreceptors is under circadian control. Shing persists in animals with S lesi*** or a transected optic nerve, indicating its independence from the central circadian pacemaker. itional studies have reported that sensitivity to light-induced p***oreceptor damage is modulated by the circadian clock via a cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）-dependent pathway. Other important retinal functi***, such as visual sensitivity, are also under circadian control. Although results from these studies suggested that retinal physiology was regulated by a circadian clock, they were not sufficient to conclude that an independent circadian pacemake***as located within the retinal tissue. The definitive *** of the presence of an autonomous retinal clock in mammals was achieved a few years ago when it was shown that a circadian rhythm of melatonin release persisted in mammalian retinas maintained in culture. In light/ dark cycles, melatonin levels were high during the night and low during the day. In c***tant darkness, the circadian rhythm of melatonin release free-ran, exhibiting a period close to 24 h. The circadian rhythm of melatonin release in the retina can be entrained by light in vitro and is temperature compensated. Such results ***d that the retina can be c***idered a bona fide circadian pacemaker, since it satisfies the three fundamental properties （i.e., freerunning, entrainment, and temperature compensation） that describe a circadian rhythm.

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